Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
三磷酸腺苷
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a labile chemical compound that is present everywhere in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of all cells and essentially all the physiologic mechanisms that require energy for operation obtain this directly from the ATP.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
基础代谢率
The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature and 12~14 hours after the last meal.
Body temperature
体温
The body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a constant temperature.
Caloric value
卡价（热价）
The caloric value of the food is the energy released by oxidation of 1 gram of such food.
Calorimeter
能量测定仪
Apparatus for measuring the amount of heat produced by a chemical action or by an animal body.
Circadian rhythm
昼夜节律
The fluctuations in homeostatically regulated function that repeat in a cyclic pattern every 24 hours is called circadian rhythm.
Conduction
传导
Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with one another.
Convection
对流
Convection is the loss of heat occurs from the body surface to the air.
Direct calorimetry
直接测热法
The whole body metabolic rate can be determined by measuring the total quantity of heat liberated from the body in a given time by using a large specially constructed calorimeter. The method is called direct calorimetry.
Energy metabolism
能量代谢
The energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.
Evaporation
蒸发
Evaporation is the water molecules absorb heat from their environment and become energetic enough to escape as gas.
Indirect calorimetry
间接测热法
One can calculate with a high degree of precision the rate of heat liberation on the body from the energy equivalent of oxygen used in a given period of time. This method is called indirect calorimetry.
Insensible perspiration
不感蒸发
Even when a person is not sweating, water still evaporates insensibly from the skin and lung, this is called insensible perspiration which causes continual heat loss at a lower rate.
Radiation
辐射
A process by which heat is transferred from a warmer surface to a cooler surface by electromagnetic (typically, infrared) waves.
Set-point
调定点
At a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt to bring the body temperature back to this set-point level.
Shivering
寒战
Shivering is an involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle fibers that can raise the metabolic rate threefold and is controlled by the hypothalamus.
Specific dynamic effect of food
食物的特殊动力作用
After a meal is ingested, the metabolic rate increases as a result of the different chemical reactions associated with digestion, absorption, and storage of food in the body. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic effect of food.
Sweating
出汗
Sweating is an active secretory process from eccrine sweat glands which are widely distributed over the surface of bady.
Thermal equivalent of oxygen
氧热价
The quantity of energy liberated per liter of oxygen used in the body is called thermal equivalent of oxygen. For the average diet, it is about 4.825 calories.
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