Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
心房钠尿肽
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone released by the atrial walls of the heart when they become stretched. The ANP in turn has a direct effect on the kidneys to increase greatly their excretion of salt and water.
Autorhythmicity
自动节律性
Autorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sino-atrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.
Baroreceptor
压力感受器
Baroreceptors are spray-type nerve endings that lie in the walls of the arteries, they are stimulated when stretched. Baroreceptors are abundant in (1) the wall of each internal carotid artery, an area known as the carotid sinus, and (2) the wall of the aortic arch.
Blood pressure
血压
Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.
Capacitance vessel
容量血管
The veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.
Cardiac cycle
心动周期
The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartheat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.
Cardiac function curve
心功能曲线
A plot of cardiac function, such as stroke work, stroke volume, or cardiac output, against a preload variable, such as end-diastolic fiber length, end-diastolic volume, or end-diastolic pressure.
Cardiac index
心指数
Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.
Cardiac output
心输出量
The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.
Cardiac reserve
心力贮备
The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.
Cardiovascular center
心血管中枢
The cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.
Central venous pressure
中心静脉压
The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.
Cerebrospinal fluid
脑脊液
The cerebrospinal fluid is a lymph like fluid found in the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord and between the meninges.
Chemoreceptor
化学感受器
The chemoreceptors are chemosensitive cells sensitive to oxygen lack, carbon dioxide excess, or hydrogen ion excess.
Compensatory pause
代偿间歇
The pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.
Coronary circulation
冠脉循环
Coronary circulation is the blood circulation in the heart.
Depressor reflex
降压反射
The depressor reflex is viewed as the most important reflex in various reflex. When arterial pressure is raised above its normal level, baroreceptor activity is increased and the reflex tends to bring the arterial pressure back toward its normal level; whereas a decrease in arterial pressure below normal level causes a decrease in baroreceptor activity, and in turn results in an increase in sympathetic vasomotor tone and an
Diastolic pressure
舒张压
Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.
Edema
水肿
Edema refers to the presence of excess fluid in body tissues.
Effective refractory period(ERP)
有效不应期
The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.
Ejection fraction
射血分数
The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
心电图
The synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.
Exchange vessel
交换血管
The capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.
Heart sound
心音
When the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.
Heterometric regulation
异长调节
Regulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.
Hypertension
高血压
When a person is said to have hypertension (or "high blood pressure"), it is meant that his or her mean arterial pressure is greater than the upper range of the accepted normal measure.
Kinin
激肽
Kinins are the substances that can cause powerful vasodilation. They are formed in the blood and tissue fluids of some organs.
Mean arterial blood pressure
平均动脉压
The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.
Microcirculation
微循环
Microcirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta.
Pacemaker
起搏点、起搏器
The automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.
Premature systole (extrasystale)
期前收缩
When a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole.
Pulse pressure
脉压
The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
Resistance vessels
阻力血管
The small arterioles and small venules have narrow lumina which offer a high resistance to flow. Therefore, blood dissipates much of its energy in flowing through these small vessels.
Sinoatrial node
窦房结
The sinoatrial node is a small flattened, ellipsoid strip of specialized muscle. It is located in the superior posterolateral wall of the right atrium. Its fibers connect directly with the atrial muscle fibers, so that any action potential that begins in the node spreads immediately into the atrial muscle wall.
Specialized conducting system
特殊传导系统
Specialized conducting system consists of sinoatrial (SA) node, interatrial tracts, internodal tracts, atrial-ventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
Starling's law of the heart
心脏的 Starling 定律
The law defining the relationship between ventricular end-diastolic fiber length (preload) and stroke volume.
Stroke volume
每搏输出量
Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.
Stroke work
搏功
The stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.
Systolic pressure
收缩压
The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adulte is 100~120mmHg.
Thoroughfare channel
直捷通路
Blood may bypass the capillaries and flow through the metarterioles, which contain little smooth muscle, and through small vessels called thoroughfare channel.
True capillary
真毛细血管
The capillaries provide a large surface area for the diffusion of substances between blood and interstitial fluid surrounding the cells.
Ventricular afterload
心室的后负荷
Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction. Aortic pressure or arterial pressure is usually considered as the afterload for an intact heart. A reduced stroke volume results from the increase in afterload, in other words, the afterload is the resistance against cardiac output.
Ventricular preload
心室的前负荷
Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction. The initial length of the muscle can be determined by the preload. In the intact heart the preload of the ventricle is the end diastolic pressure(EDP) and the initial length of the ventricle is the end diastolic volume (EDV). Therefor EDV can be determined by EDP.
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