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2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
2,3-二磷酸甘油
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (also called 2,3-DPG), a unique compound that binds reversibly with hemoglobin. It is produced by red blood cells as they break down glucose by the anaerobic process called
Alveolar dead space
肺泡无效腔
Occasionally, some of the alveoli themselves are nonfunctional or only partially functional because of absent or poor blood flow through adjacent pulmonary capillaries.
Alveolar ventilation
肺泡通气量
The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min.
Anatomic dead space
解剖无效腔
The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas
Bohr effect
波尔效应
The increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen ions,
COぱ dissociation curve
二氧化碳解离曲线
The graph of the relationship between COぱ content and the partial pressure of COぱ (COぱ content plotted against the partial pressure of COぱ ),which is curvilinear and does not show saturation.
Compliance
顺应性
Distensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (△V/△P), the reciprocal of the compliance.
Cough reflex
咳嗽反射
A cough is a large slow inspiration followed, initially against a closed glottis by rapid and powerful expiration. Vagal nerve endings in the epithelium of the larynx and trachea are excited by mechanical and
Elastic recoil of the lungs
肺的弹性回缩
The ability of lungs to tolerate expands in volume and tends to collapse at each instant of respiration.
Elastic resistance
弹性阻力
A term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance (△V/△P),the reciprocal of the compliance.
Expiratory reserve volume
补呼气量
The volume expelled by an active expiratory effort after passive expiration. The maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration; it normally amounts to about 1100ml.
External respiration
外呼吸
The exchange of gases between blood and the external environment, which involves not only diffusion across the lung capillaries but also the bulk movement of gases in and out of the lungs.
Forced expiratory volume (FEVば)
用力呼气量
The fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) expired during the first second of a forced expiration.
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
机能余气量
It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).
Functional shutting
功能性短路
Whenever the ventilation perfusion ratio is below normal, there is not ventilation enough to provide the oxygen needed to oxygenate fully the blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries. Therefore, a
Haldane effect
何尔登效应
The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.
Hering-Breuer reflexes
黑－伯反射
The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is an increase in the duration of expiration produced by steady lung inflation, and the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of a lung.
Inspiratory center
吸气中枢
A group of neurons, located in the medulla oblongata, which sets the basic rhythm of breathing by automatically initiating inspiration; also known as the dorsal respiratory group.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRC)
补吸气量
The air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.
Internal respiration
内呼吸
The exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the systemic capillaries. The diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the cytoplasm.
Intrapleural pressure
胸内压
The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.
Intrapulmonary pressure
肺内压
The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called introalveolar pressure.
Medullary chemoreceptors
延髓化学感受器
The chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata, which mediate the hyperventilation produced by increases in arterial PCOぱ after the carotid and aortic bodies are denervated.
Minute ventilation volume
每分通气量
The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.
Oxygen capacity
氧容量
The oxygen capacity is used to indicate how much Oぱ per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin when fully saturated with Oぱ, it therefore depends on the individual's hemoglobin concentration.
Oxygen content
氧含量
The oxygen content is used to indicate how much Oぱ per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
氧－血红蛋白解离曲线
The graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape.
Partial pressure
分压
The pressure of the individual gases in a mixed gas is called partial pressure.
Peripheral chemoreceptor
外周化学感受器
Chemoreceptors located in carotid body, aortic body, and some other areas outside the brain, which are important for detecting changes in Oぱ, COぱ and Hせ concentration in blood.
Pneumotaxic center
呼吸调整中枢
A center in the reticular formation of the pons that regulates the activities of the apneustic and respiratory rhythmicity centers to adjust the pace of respiration, which involves in controlling the rate and pattern of breathing.
Pulmonary diffusing capacity
肺扩散容量
The volume of a gas that diffuses through the membrane each minute for a pressure difference of 1 mmHg, which is generally used as a quantitative terms in describing the ability of the respiratory
Pulmonary ventilation (respiratory minute volume)
肺通气量
The total amount of air inspired or expired per minute, it is equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate, normally about 6L (500ml/breathぶ12 breaths/min).
Pulmonary ventilation
肺通气
The inflow or outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli.
Pulmonary/perfusion ratio
通气/血流比值
The ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.8 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).
Residual volume (RV)
余气量
The air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 1200 milliliters.
Respiratory center
呼吸中枢
Specific areas of the medulla oblongata, the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group of neurons, pre-Botzinger complex and pons. They are believed to be concerned with respiration and are classically been called the respiratory centers.
Respiratory minute volume
每分钟通气量
The amount of air moved into or out of the respiratory passages each minute. This is equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate.
Sneeze reflex
喷嚏反射
Nerve endings of the trigeminal nerves in the nasal mucosa are excited by chemical and mechanical irritants and reflexly cause a sneeze and brocholaryngeal constriction. A sneeze is a number of
Surface tension
表面张力
The force of attraction between water molecules at an air-water surface, which draws water molecules closer together.
Surfactant
表面活性物质
A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.
Tidal volume (TV)
潮气量
The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.
Timed vital capacity (TVC)
时间肺活量
The function of the vital capacity expired during the first second of a forced expiration (TVCば) gives additional information. The vital capacity may be normal but the first second of a forced expiration is reduced in diseases such as asthma.
Total lung capacity (TLC)
肺总容量
The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort (about 5800ml); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.
Vital capacity (VC)
肺活量
The largest amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiratory effort frequently measured clinically as an index of pulmonary function. It equals to the inspiratory reserve volume plus the tidal
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