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Acromegaly
肢端肥大症
A condition caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in the adult, characterized by thickening of bones and enlargement of cartilages and other soft tissues.
Addison`s disease
艾迪生病
Condition resulting from hyposecretion of all adrenocortical hormones, characterized by lethargy, weakness, hypotension, and increased skin pigmentation.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
促肾上腺皮质激素
A polypeptide hormone that stimulates the production and secretion of glucocorticoids by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex; released by the anterior pituitary in response to CRH.
Aldosterone
醛固酮
A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates sodium and water conservation at the kidneys, secreted in response to the presence of angiotensin II.
Androgen
雄激素
A steroid sex hormone primarily produced by the interstitial cells of the testis, and manufactured in small quantities by the adrenal cortex.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
抗利尿激素
A polypeptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted at the neurohypophysis; causes water retention at the kidneys, and an elevation of blood pressure.
Autocrine
自分泌
A cell releases a chemical into the interstitial fluid that affects its own activity.
Calcitonin
降钙素
A peptide hormone secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland, tends to decrease plasma calcium concentration and in general has effects opposite to those of PTH. Calcitonin promotes the deposition of
Catecholamine
儿茶酚胺
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and related compounds. Their actions are numerous and include the stimulation of heart rate and contractility, the inhibition of gut motility, bronchodilation and the stimulation of glycogenolysis.
Cortisol
皮质醇
One of the major corticosteroids secreted by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex; a glucocorticoid, which has multiple metabolic function for control of the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Cretinism
克汀病（呆小症）
Cretinism is caused by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, and childhood. This condition is characterized especially by failure of growth and by mental retardation.
Cushing`s disease
库欣病
A general term for conditions caused by the oversecretion of adrenal steroids, which is characterized by redistribution of fat, a "moon face", severe muscle wasting, osteoporosis and a predisposition to diabetes and hypertension.
Dwarfism
侏儒症
A deficiency of growth hormone in children leads to dwarfism.
Endocrine system
内分泌系统
The endocrine system can be defined as the endocrine glands and cells of the body. It is one of the two coordinating and integrating systems of the body, which acts through chemical messengers (hormones)
Glucagon
胰高血糖素
A large polypeptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, especially when the blood glucose concentration falls. It has several functions that are diametrically opposed to those of
Glucocorticoids
糖皮质类固醇
A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and are important in mediating the response of the body to fasting and stress. At least 95% of
Growth hormone
生长素
An anterior pituitary hormone that causes growth of almost all cells and tissues of the body and enhances the body protein, uses up the fat stores and conserves carbohydrate.
Hormone
激素
A hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific cell type. It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations elicits a
Hypophyseal portal system
垂体门脉系统
The network of vessels that carry blood from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the adenohypophysis.
Insulin
胰岛素
A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose
Iodine pump
碘泵
Iodine pump is a kind of protein existing in the basal membrane of the thyroid cell that has the specific ability to pump the iodide activity to the interior of the cell.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
黄体生成素
An anterior pituitary hormone that, in the female, assists FSH in follicle stimulation, triggers ovulation, and promotes the maintenance and secretion of the endometrial glands; in the male, stimulates
Melatonin
促黑素
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; probably inhibits secretion of MSH and GnRH.
Mineralocorticoid
盐皮质类固醇
Mineralocorticoid is a group of steroids hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; such as aldosterone that affect mineral metabolism. They gained their name because they especially
Neurohypophysis
神经垂体
The posterior pituitary, or pars nervosa, mainly secretes two peptide hormones, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
Nitrogenous hormones
含氮类激素
Nitrogenous hormones may be classified into two families: One of the derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, e.g. thyroxine and adrenaline, the other is the proteins or peptides, e.g. growth hormone, insulin and antidiuretic hormone.
Noradrenaline
去甲肾上腺素
A catecholamine neurotransmitter released at most sympathetic neuroeffector junctions and at certain synapses inside the central nervous system, also called norepinephrine.
Obesity
肥胖
Body weight 10~20 percent above standard values as the result of body fat accumulation.
Oxytocin
催产素
A hormone produced by hypothalamic cells and secreted into capillaries at the neurohypophysis. Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus or mammary glands in females but has no known function in males.
Pancreatic islets
胰岛
Aggregations of endocrine cells in the pancreas; also called islets of Langerhans. i.e., the pancreatic islets are the endocrine cells of the pancreas that are localized of hormones, such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
Permissive action
允许作用
A hormone which has no effect per se but in necessary for the full expression of the effects of other hormone.
Paracrine
旁分泌
Some cells release hormones which diffuse into surrounding regions, and act locally.
Parathyroid hormone（PTH）
甲状旁腺激素
PTH is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland when plasma calcium levels fall below the normal range; causes increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased
Pineal gland
松果腺
Neural tissue in the posterior portion of the roof of the diencephalons; responsible for melatonin secretion.
Pituitary gland
垂体
An endocrine organ situated in the sella trucica of the sphenoid bone and connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum; includes the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) and the anterior pituitary (pars intermedia and pars distalis).
Prohormone
激素原
Inactive form of homones; protein and peptide hormones are usually synthesized first as larger proteins that are not biologically active (preprohormones) and are cleared to form smaller proteins
Prolactin
催乳素
The hormone that stimulates functional development of the mammary gland in females.
Prostaglandin
前列腺素
A fatty acid secreted by one cell that alters the metabolic activities or sensitivities of adjacent cells; generally acts as local hormone.
Second messenger hypothesis
第二信使学说
Peptide hormones act by binding to specific receptors in the plasma membrane and activate a membrane-bound enzyme, via a G-protein, that stimulates the production of an intracellular messenger.
Somatomedins
生长素介质
A compounds stimulating tissue growth ; released by the liver after the secretion of growth hormone.
Steroid hormones
类固醇激素
Hormones that all have a chemical structure based on the steroid nucleus, similar to that of cholesterol and on most instances are derived from cholesterol itself.
Target tissue
靶组织
Some hormones affect only specific tissues called target tissues, because only these tissues have receptors for the hormone.
Thyroglobulin
甲状腺球蛋白
The major constituent of colloid in the follicles, which contains the thyroid hormone within its molecules.
Thyroid gland
甲状腺
The thyroid gland, which is located immediately below the larynx on either side of and anterior to the trachea, secrets two significant hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, commonly called Tび and Tひ that
Thyroid hormone
甲状腺激素
The thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.
Trophic hormones
促激素
Hormones stimulate secretion of hormonally active substances by other endocrine glands or the liver and other tissues.
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