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Acute experiment
急性实验
Experiment performed on animals under anesthesia or with transection of the brain is called acute experiment.
Adaptation
适应
When a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the action potential in its sensory nerve deadens over time. This phenomenon is known as adaptation.
Auto-regulation
自身调节
In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.
Chronic experiment
慢性实验
Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subject for a long period of time.
Conditioned reflex
条件反射
A conditioned reflex is a reflex response to a stimulus that previously elicited little or no response, acquired by repeatedly pairing to stimulate with another stimulus that normally does produce the response.
Excitability
兴奋性
Excitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.
Excitation
兴奋
Excitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.
Feedback
反馈
Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.
Feedforward
前馈
Feedforward control mechanisms often sense a disturbance and can therefore take corrective action that anticipates changes.
Homeostasis
稳态
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.
Internal environment
内环境
All cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.
Interstitial fluid
组织间液
The spaces between cells are called the interstitutium, the fluid in these spaces is the intestitial fluid.
In vitro
体外
Experiments performed on an isolated tissue or organ.
In vivo
在体
Experiments performed on the whole body.
Inhibition
抑制
Inhibition is a decrease in activity, such as the slowing of the heart beat.
Metabolism
新陈代谢
The term "metabolism", meaning literally "change", is used to refer to all material and energy transformations that occur in the body.
Negative feedback
负反馈
A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.
Nouro-humoral regulation
神经－体液调节
In many cases, the endocrine system is so closely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called nouro-humoral regulation.
Physiology
生理学
The goal of physiology is to explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.
Positive feedback
正反馈
With positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.
Reflex arc
反射弧
Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of intergrated neural activity, consisting of sense organ, afferent and efferent nerves, interneurons and effector.
Stimulus
刺激
An environmental factor that causes a response in a sense organ.
Threshold
阈值
The lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be sensed is called threshold.
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