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Aldosteron
醛固酮
Aldosteron is a sodium-retaining hormone of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone reduces sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
抗利尿激素
A product of neurohypohysis which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.
Autoregulation of blood flow
血流量自身调节
Autoregulation means simply regulation of blood flow by the tissue itself. Whenever on excessive amount of blood flows through a tissue., the local vasculture constricts and decreases the blood flow forward to normal.
Cortical nephron
皮质肾单位
The nephrons have their glomeruli located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.
Countercurrent exchange
逆流交换
Countercurrent exchange is a common process in the vascular system. Blood flows in opposite directions along juxtaposed decending (arterial) and ascending (venous) vasa recta, and solutes and water
Countercurrent multiplication
逆流倍增
Countercurrent multiplication is the process where by a small gradient established at any level of the loop of Henle is increased (maltiplied) into a much larger gradient along the axis of the loop.
Effective filtration pressure (EFP)
有效滤过压
The effective filtration pressure of glomerulus represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular filtration fraction
肾小球滤过分数
The glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.
Glomerular filtration membrane
肾小球滤过膜
The barrier between the capillary blood and the fluid inside the Bowmen's capsule is called glomerular filtration membrane.
Glomerular filtration rate
肾小球滤过率
The minute volume of plasma filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys is called the glomerular filtration rate.
Glomearulo-tubular balance
球管平衡
One of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerulo-tubular balance.
Inulin
菊粉
Inulin is a carbohydrate compound of 5200 molecular weight used to estimate glomerular filtration rate, since it is neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
近球小体
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells, the macula densa and the extraglomerular mesangium.
Juxtaglomerular cell
近球细胞
The juxtaglomerular cells are specialized myoepithelial cells in the media of afferent arteriole close to the glomerulus.
Juxtamedullary nephron
近髓肾单位
The nephrons have glomeruli that lie deep in the renal cortex near the medulla and have long loops of Henle that are deep into the medulla are called juxtamedullary nephron.
Macula densa
致密斑
At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short segment which is actually a plaque in its wall, known as the macula densa. The macula densa plays an important role in controlling nephron function.
Micturition
排尿
Micturition is the process by which the urinary bladder empties when it becomes filled.
Nephron
肾单位
Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron has two major components: renal corpuscle and renal tube.
Osmotic diuresis
渗透性利尿
An increase in urine flow due to excretion of an osmotically active solute.
Renal clearance
肾清除率
The volume of plasma per unit time needed to supply its quantity of substance excreted in the urine per unit time.
Renal glucose threshold
肾糖阈
When the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.
Rennin
肾素
An enzyme of renal origin that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
Supraoptic nuclei
视上核
Supraoptic nuclei are the specialized groups of neurons in the hypothalamus involved in control of neurohypophyseal secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).
Transport maximum (Tm)
转运极限
Transport maximum is the maximum rate at which the kidney active transport mechanisms can transfer a particular solute into or out of the tubules.
Tubular reabsorption
肾小管重吸收
Tubular reabsorption denotes the transport of substances from the tubular fluid through the tubular epithelium into peritubular capillary blood.
Urinary concentration
尿的浓缩
The basic requirements for forming a concentrated urine are a high level of ADH and a high osmolarity of the renal medullary interstitial fluid.
Urinary dilution
尿的稀释
The mechanism for forming a dilute urine is continuously reabsorbing solutes from the distal segments of the tabular system while failing to reabsorb water.
Vasa recta
直小血管
In the juxtamedullary nephrons the efferent arterioles also supply the long venous loops－the vasa recta－that pass deep into the medulla.
Water diuresis
水利尿
The volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion
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