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Adrenergic neuron
肾上腺素能神经元
A kind of neuron that releases at its end buttons on stimulation a substance with the properties of adrenaline or noradrenaline.
Adrenergic receptor
肾上腺素受体
There are two major types of adrenergic receptors. α receptors andβ receptors. Theβ receptors in turn are divided into βば and βぱ receptors. Norepinephrine excites mainly αreceptors but the β
Aphasia
失语症
Loss of ability to comprehend or use language and /or speech.
Autonomic nervous system
自主神经系统
The autonomic nervous system comprises all the efferent pathways from controlling centers in the brain and spinal cord to effector organs other than skeletal muscle.
Chemical synapse
化学性突触
At the major junction of chemical synapses the arrival of activity in the presynaptic region is followed by the release of chemical transmitters which diffuse across the synaptic cleft. Transmitters interact
Cholinergic neuron
胆碱能神经元
A kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.
Conditioned reflex
条件反射
A learned reflex in which the nervous system is trained to produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.
Decerebrate rigidity
去大脑僵直
When the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.
Efferent nevrve
传出神经
A nerve which carries impulses out of the central nervous system is called efferent nerve.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
脑电图
The minute electrical currents spontaneously generated by neuronal activity which recorded from the scalp or directly from the cortical surface.
Evoked potential
诱发电位
The various discrete electrical changes in the encephalon or the spinal cord which can be produced by stimulation of sense organs or of some point along the ascending pathways to it.
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
兴奋性突触后电位
The excitatory postsynaptic patential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to relase of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. EPSP brings the membrane closer to threshold and
Fatigue
疲劳
The reduced capability of a muscle following a long period of activity.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
抑制性突触后电位
A hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.
Insomnia
失眠
Insomnia may be defined as the subjective problem of insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite an adequate opportunity for sleep. Persistent insomnia can be due to many different mental and medical conditions.
Intraspindle muscle
梭内肌
The muscle spindle is built around 3 to 12 very small intraspindle muscle fibers that are pointed at their ends and attached to the glycocalyx of the surrounding large extrafusal skeletal muscle (梭外肌)
Memory
记忆
Memory is the ability to recall past events at the conscious or unconscious level.
Motor neuron
运动神经元
There are two classes of motor neurons-large diameter (up to 70 mm) α cells with axons of 12~20mm in diameter that innervate skeletal extrafusal fibers in skeletal muscle and small γ cells with
Motor unit
运动单位
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers its axon supplies.
Neuroglial cell
神经胶质细胞
Neuroglial cells support and segregate groups of neurons and may have additional, perhaps nutritive functions.
Neuron
神经元
Neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Each neuron consists of soma (cell body), dendrite, axon and synaptic terminal.
Neurotransmitter
神经递质
Substances released from nerve cells at synapses and presumed to mediate normal chemical transmission.
Nociceptor
伤害感受器
A receptor specialized to fire in response to injurious or noxious stimuli.
Node of Ranvier
郎飞结
The regularly spaced constrictions along a myelin sheath to which the action potentials are restricted during nervous conduction.
Nonspecific projection system
非特异性投射系统
Diffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.
Pain
疼痛
Pain can be described as the sensation resulting from stimuli which are intense enough to threaten or to cause tissue injury.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
外周神经系统
The peripheral nervous system is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside the spinal cord and brain, it comprises both the somatic and the autonomic divisions.
Presynaptic inhibition
突触前抑制
A process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob.
Postsynaptic inhibition
突触后抑制
The presynaptic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the
Postsynaptic potential
突触后电位
The special form of subthreshold potential change occurring across the synaptic membrane of the postsynaptic neuron when an impulse arrives in the presynaptic fiber, see EPSP, IPSP.
Referred pain
牵涉痛
Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.
Reflex
反射
An action carried out without voluntary control, in which a relatively fixed output pattern is produced in response to a simple input.
Reflex arc
反射弧
The chain of sensory receptor, afferent neuron, synapse, efferent neuron, effector and ,in general cases, also including several interneurons, carries out a reflex action.
Reticular activating system (RAS)
网状激动系统
Most of the various sensory pathways relay via collaterals to the reticular activating system in the brain stem reticular formation. Activity in this system produces the conscious alert state that makes perception possible.
Specific projection system
特异性投射系统
The specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.
Spinal shock
脊休克
Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spind cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenum is called spinal shock.
Stretch reflex
牵张反射
When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptie reflex called the stretch reflex.
Summation
总和
The addition of separate responses that are adjacent in time or space. The former is called temporal summation; the latter, spatial summation.
Synapse
突触
The site of cell-to-cell comunication between neurons
Synaptic delay
突触延搁
Elapsed time between arrival of a presynaptic impulse at a junction and the first sign of postsynaptic response.
Transmission
传递
The passage of excitation or inhibition crosses synapses; distinguished from conduction and propagation, which occur within a neuron and do not involve synapses.
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