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Absorption
吸收
Absorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream.
Carbonic anhydrase
碳酸酐酶
Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme which reversibly catalyzes the conversion of COぱ and HぱO to carbonic acid.
Cephalic phase of gastric secretion
头期胃分泌
The cephalic phase of gastric secretion occurs even before food enters the stomach. It results from sight, smell, thought, or taste of food, and the greater the appetite, the more intense is the stimulation.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
胆囊收缩素
Cholecystokinin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the upper small intestinal mucosa when food enters the small intestine. CCK passes by way of blood to the pancreas and gallbladder causes secretion of
Chylomicron
乳糜微粒
Chylomicrons are complexes of triglycerides, cholesterol esters and fat-soluble vitamins, all of which are enveloped in a hydrophobic coat composed of specific apoproteins, phospholipid and free cholesterol.
Chyme
食糜
After the food has become mixed with the stomach secretions, the resulting mixture that passes down the gut is called chyme.
Defection
排便
Defection means the emptying of the bowels. Defection is used to be initiated when a mass movement forces feces into the retum.
Digestion
消化
Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.
Emulsification
乳化
Emulsification is a result of a detergent action of bile salts, it decreases the surface tension of fat particles and allows the agitation in the intestinal track to break the fat globules into minute sizes.
Enteric system
肠神经系统
The enteric system is a nervous net work in the gastrointestinal tract. It is composed of ganglia and interconnecting fibers that lie in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and form the myenteric and
Enterogastric reflex
肠胃反射
The enterogastric reflex is initiated by the pressure of food in the small intestine. It inhibits stomach by transmitting through the enteric and extrinsic nervous systems.
Enterogastrone
肠抑胃素
Enterogastrone is a putative gut hormone that inhibits gastric secretion and motility. It is suggested that several hormones including CCK, GIP, neurotensin, or a combination of them could be physiological enterogastrones.
Enterohepatic circulation of bile salt
胆盐的肠肝循环
The enterohepatic circulation of bile salts is the recycling of bile salts between the small intestine and the liver.
Enterokinase
肠激酶
The enterokinase is an enzyme secreted by the intestinal mucosa when chyme comes in contact with the mucosa. The function of enterokinase is to activate trypsinogen into trypsin.
Gastric emptying
胃排空
Gastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum. At the same time, emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance to the passage of chyme at the pylorus.
Gastric phase of gastric secretion
胃期胃分泌
Once food enters the stomach, it excites (1) long vagovagal reflexes, (2) local enteric reflexes, and (3) the gastrin mechanism, all of which in turn cause secretion of gastric juice during several hours while the food remains in the stomach.
Gastrin
胃泌素
Gastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa and duodenum mucosa. Gastrin is secreted in two forms, a large form called G-34, and a smaller form, G-17.
Gastrointestinal hormone
胃肠激素
The hormones produced by endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa and are involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility ad secretion.
Hせ－Kせ^ATPase
Hせ－Kせ^ATP酶
The enzyme responsible for active secretion of hydrogen ions by the perietal cells. The Hせ－Kせ^ATPase also called proton pump or Hせ－pump.
Histamine
组胺
Histamine is an amine occurring in animal and vegetable tissues. It is a powerful vasodilator and stimulator of gastric secretion.
Lower esophageal sphincter
下食道括约肌
Ring of smooth muscle at the gastroesophageal junction tonically contracted to produce an intraluminal high-pressure zone and barrier to reflux from stomach to esophagus.
Micelle
微胶粒
At or above a certain concentration, the bile salts aggregate to form micelles when bile salts alone are present in the micelle, it is called a simple micelle. The simple micelles incorporate the lipid digestion
Migrating motor complex (MMC)
移行性运动复合波
Migrating motor complex is the predominant motor pattern of the small intestine in the interdigestive state. This pattern consists of three consecutive phases: a silent period, phase I, which has no contractile
Myenteric plexus
肌间神经丛
An outer plexus lying between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, called the myenteric plexus or Auerbach's plexus. The myenteric plexus controls mainly the gastrointestinal movements.
Peristalsis
蠕动
The peristalsis is the basic propulsive movement of the gastrointestnial tract ,which causes the contents to move forward along the tract.
Potentiation
协同作用，增强作用
When the effect of two stimulants is greater than the effect of either of the stimulants alone.
Receptive relaxation
容受性舒张
A phenomenon in which intragastric pressure hardly rises during gastric filling, it is a mechanism by which the stomach adjusts to the intake of a meal and is brought about by neurally mediated relaxation of the muscles in the proximal stomach.
Secondary active transport
继发性主动转运
A carrier mediated transport system by which a solute is moved against the electrochemical gradient. The mechanism involves coupling to another ion, usually Na+, which is moving down an electrochemical
Secretin
胰泌素
Secretin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the duodenal and upper jejunal mucosa when highly acid food enters the small intestine. Secretin mainly stimulates secretion of large quantities of sodium
Segmentation
分节运动
Segmentation is the alternate contraction and relaxation of complete segments of the small intestine and reflects the activity of the circular muscle.
Slow wave
慢波
If an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle, it records a recurring depolarization, they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER). Slow waves are not action potential, but show undulating changes in the resting membrane potential.
Submucosal plexus
粘膜下神经丛
An inner plexus, called the submucosal plexus or Meissner's plexus, that lies in the submucosa. The submucosal plexus controls mainly gastrointestinal secretion and local blood blow.
Trypsin inhibitor
胰蛋白抑制物
Trypsin inhibitor is formed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic acini, it prevents activation of trypsin both inside the secretory cells and in the acini and ducts of the pancreas.
Unstirred water layer
不流动水层
A layer of poorly stirred fluid coats the surface of the intestinal villi is called unstirred water layer.
Vago-vagal reflex
迷走－迷走反射
Reflexes for which sensory signals are transmitted in vagal afferent fibers to be processed in vagally related circuits in the medulla oblongata, with the return outflow carried back to the digestive tract in efferent vagal fibers.
Villus
绒毛
A minute structure of the intestinal mucosa projecting into the lumen of the intestine. Villus is an organ of absorption.
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